Here, (qtk , ˙qtk , ¨qtk ) and τtk , for k = 1, . . . K, are the identificationmatrix and torque vector evaluated using the jointposition, velocity, and acceleration data, as well as theactuator torque data at the discrete-time instant tk. Furthermore, is the covariance matrix of the actuator torquedata, which is a dense matrix if the noise is correlated.Here, the assumption is made that the noise is white,which is made for convenience. Since the matrix F in (9) isfree of noise, the parameter estimates are unbiased even ifthe actual noise is colored, although the estimates mayhave nonminimal uncertainty [23, pp. 92–106].