Similarly wide-ranging removal
efficiency results have been reported for other lab and
full-scale subsurface flow systems. For instance, Grunheid
et al. (2005) found that sulfamethoxazole removal was 95%
in a bank filtration system, but only 53% in an artificial
recharge system. Hua et al. (2003) found that iotalamic acid,
amidotrizoic acid, and clofibric acid were all removed by less
than 20%, whereas ibuprofen, iopromide, iohexol, and
naproxen were all eliminated by greater than 90% in biologically
active sand columns.