In the first period, which emerged from Christian intentions, technological artifacts were envisioned as a new or second creation. There was nevertheless a tension between visions of a new creation that would be enclosed within the old (as in the theory of Hugh of St. Victor) or supercede and replace it (as in Francis Bacon). In North America this tension was echoed in a tension between visions of paradise regained (J.A. Etzler) and pastoralism (Thomas Jefferson). In both, human intention remained paramount.