Shaking table tests carried out by Ling et al. (2005b) on 2.8-mhigh,
full-scale model GRS segmental walls with fine-grained sand
backfill, using the vertical and horizontal components of the Kobe
earthquake accelerogram, revealed that increasing the length of the
top reinforcement and reducing the reinforcement spacing improved
the seismic performance. Maximum deformations at the crest were
negligible with a scaled peak horizontal acceleration of 0.4g. The
maximum deformation was less than 100 mm, with a peak ground
acceleration scaled to 0.86g.