Selection and training processes were amended.
Pilots began to be selected not only for technical skills
but also their ability to coordinate activities, learn from
error, and recognise that others can contribute to
problem solving. Airlines initiated a new approach to
training and assessing pilot skills by moving away from
training the individual pilot to training the entire
crew—recognising that safety and good performance
was not just a function of the captain but of the
captain using all available resources. The aviation
approach is to deal with errors nonpunitively and
proactively, and this approach defines behavioural
strategies taught in crew resource management train
ing (currently in its fifth generation)32 as error
countermeasures that are used to avoid error
whenever possible, to trap errors when they do occur,