In Chapter 4, I investigated separate and combined impact of dietary and waterborne copper by exposing E. chloroticus larvae to dissolved copper and to algal food(Dunaliella terticola) cultured in environmentally relevant copper concentrations. Direct effect on larvae as well as carry-over and latent effects on juveniles five weeks post-settlement were evaluated. I also compared the effect of pulse (four days) versus chronic exposure both for the dietary and waterborne route.