3. Integrate risk awareness into the product and the value chain. Cisco next worked to integrate risk awareness into the design of its supply chain. The company learned to balance proactive risk management capabilities, such as building in extra supplier options, with more reactive measures that enabled the supply chain officers to correct problems as they emerged. Such proactive mitigation capabilities resulted in a process that anticipates emergencies by protecting important segments of the supply chain with built-in resiliency and levers to pull when a disruption happens. Cisco engineers do this by introducing: