Cells (5×104 for Transwell migration assay, 2×105 for Transwell invision assay) were plated on the top side of polycarbonate Transwell filters (Corning; migration assay) or the filter coated with Matrigel (BD; invision assay) in the top chamber of the 24-Well. The cells were incubated at 37 °C for 8 hours (migration assay) or 48 hours (invasion assay). The migrated and invaded cells on the lower membrane surface were fixed in 4% paraformaldedyde for 15 min at RT, air-dried, then stained with 0.5% crystal violet and counted under a microscope (Olympus IX71).