SEM allows one to specify relationships between multiple variables (Stephenson, Holbert &<br>Zimmerman, 2006). Decomposing the total effects into direct and indirect effects is a way to<br>understand causal relationships between the variables. Indirect effects measure the amount<br>of mediation. Furthermore, Bollen (1989) suggests that direct and indirect effects are enough to<br>understand causal relationships given that spurious and associational effects are difficult to<br>detect. The indirect effects of SP on all learning outcomes were significant and large. SP’s indirect<br>effect on CD was .49; on AD, the indirect effect was .50. SP also had an indirect effect of .49 on SD.<br>Therefore, SP appears to be an important factor affecting university student learning outcomes.<br>It can also be concluded that SP directly affects SA and indirectly affects all learning outcomes<br>through SA. Finally, SA directly affects all learning outcomes with the influence from SP.
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