Glucose values before the start of breakfast, lunch and dinner were defined as pre-breakfast glucose, pre-lunch glucose and pre-dinner glucose (Thomas et al. 2016). Glu- cose values during 2 h after breakfast, lunch and dinner were, respectively, used to calculate post-breakfast glucose, post-lunch glucose and post-dinner glucose (Thomas et al. 2016). Meal times recorded in 24-h Dietary Recall Form were used to determine breakfast, lunch and dinner times. The CGM glucose value at bedtime, which was confirmed by the sleep diary and activPAL events file, was defined as bedtime glucose. The dawn phenomenon was defined as an increase in the CGM glucose value from the nocturnal nadir glucose to pre-breakfast glucose (Monnier et al. 2013).