Statistical Analyses
We used the Mann–Whitney U test (two-tailed) to compare
data sets. We controlled for the false discovery rate (FDR) by
the method of Benjamini and Hochberg (1995), implemented
in the package multtest (Pollard et al. 2005), with a FDR
threshold of 0.05. For each data set and variable, we calculated
the mean and estimated a confidence interval (CI) by boot-
strapping across genes. We performed paired one-sided
Wilcoxon tests to examine whether the mean level of gene
expression in females is higher than that in males.