During the Mataram period, the Javanese viewed the people from the Outer Java as ‘‘orang sabrang’’ (foreigner from across the sea) and ‘‘ora nJawa’’ (not being Java, non-Javanese). Like the Mataram kingdom, the Dutch colonial government used the ‘‘Java centric’’ ay of thinking (Houben et al., 1992). 60 All of colonial official reports, colonial statistics, official publication, correspondence, and so on used terms such as Buitenbezittingen, Buitengewesten, Buiten Java en Madoera, to refer to the Dutch colonies in the Indonesian archipelago that were located beyond Java and Madura. This way of thinking showed the general acceptance of the coreperiphery
model, considering Java a congested nuclear core and the Outer Islands as a periphery. This way of thinking is, therefore, culturally and historically conditioned.