where LGDt is the loss-given-default, rt is the risk-free rate and ht is the default hazard rate. It is important to point out that the PD implied from a CDS spread is a risk-neutral measure, i.e., it reflects not only the physical (or actual) default probability but also risk the premium component as well. The risk premium component can be the default risk premium that compensates for uncertain cash flow, a liquidity premium that tends to escalate during a crisis period, or an indirect sovereign default component.