. Ecological Marketing
The concept of ecological marketing was first introduced by Fisk (1974) and then Henion and Kinnear
(1976) elaborated it after giving the concept of ‘Ecologically Concerned Consumer’. According to Fisk
(1974), “Ecological marketing focuses on the acknowledgement of an impending ecological crisis and the
willingness and ability of marketers to assume responsibility for avoiding this doom.” The approach was
purely based on societal marketing. Henion and Kinnear (1976) defined the concept of ecological
marketing as, “Ecological marketing is concerned with all marketing activities (a) that have served to
help cause environmental problems and (b) that may serve to provide a remedy for environmental
problems” (Peattie, 2001). The definitions tell that ecological marketing deals with factors affecting
ecology and pollution. Ecological issues mainly concentrated on producer’s will to become environmental
friendly and these were not considering consumer demand at all (Dam and Apeldoorn, 1996).