Individual exercise was investigated with the question, “How often do you exercise alone?” Those<br>who answered “four or more times a week”, “twice or three times a week”, or “once a week” were<br>classified as “individual exercisers”. Those who answered “once to three times a month”, “a few<br>times a year”, or “never” were not included in this group (i.e., they were not individual exercisers).<br>Participation in group exercise was evaluated with the question, “How often do you participate in a<br>sports group or club?” Those who answered “four or more times a week”, “twice or three times a week”,<br>or “once a week” were classified as “group exercisers”. Those who responded with “once to three<br>times a month”, “a few times a year”, or “never” were not included in this group (i.e., they were not<br>group exercisers). We defined participation in a sports group or club in the community as participation<br>in group exercise.<br>Based on a previous study [13], respondents were classified into three categories depending on<br>their type of exercise (i.e., group exercise or individual exercise) (Table 1): (1) those who engaged in<br>no individual exercise and no group exercise (NE, no exercise), (2) those who engaged in individual<br>exercise but no group exerciser (IE, individual exercise), and (3) those who engaged in no individual<br>exercise but did engage in group exercise or engaged in both individual exercise and group exercise<br>(GE, group exercise).
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