Other limitations include: (1) the use of studies published in English only; (2) the use of cross-sectional data (however, the strong association between sedentary time and diabetes in the cross-sectional papers remains significant in the prospective studies, although it is somewhat attenuated); (3) causality cannot be inferred from these results and reverse causality remains a possibility. This meta-analysis highlights the need for researchers to standardise measures of sedentary time in future studies.