Cladistics (依據遺傳因素與血統關係的) is the dominant approach to classification in contemporary biology, which carves up categories based on the shared evolutionary histories and (resultant) common genetic profiles of individuals. A cladistic system of classification classifies organisms in terms of their evolutionary history and genetic profile. Rather than a system of racial classification based on morphology and genetics (which is what Appiah targets), Andreasen proposes a system that groups individuals based on their shared history (and genetic profile).