Describing technical processes <br><br>A A technical process: how VoIP works<br><br>With VoIP, Voice over Internet Protocol, your voice is digitized and then broken into small data packets. <br>To make a phone call, an analogue telephone must be hooked up, linked, to an ATA, an analogue telephone adaptor. When you pick up the receiver and dial a number, the tones are converted by the ATA to digital data and temporarily stored. When your friend picks up the phone, a session is set up, established, between both computers. During the conversation the systems transmit packets of data that are sent back and forth through your VoIP company's call processor. They are received by the ATA and converted to the analogue audio signal that you hear. When you hang up, a signal is sent by the ATA to finish the session. <br>VoIP calls can also be delivered via an IP telephone with an Internet connection. Adopted from How Stuff Works <br><br>When describing a technical process, we often use the present simple passive, e.g. is digitized | are converted | is set up, to explain how something is made or used. The agent is not as import ant as the process. Compare these sentences: <br><br>Active <br>Someone sets up a session.<br>The ATA receives packets.<br><br>Passive <br>A session is set up, <br>Packets are received by the. ATA.<br><br>B The use of the passive<br>The passive is often used to describe areas of computing. Look at these examples:<br><br>Input, process, output <br>The data is fed into the computer system. Instructions arc processed by the CPU, The results are displayed on the monitor. <br><br>Storage <br>Today a lot of information is held, kept, on optical discs. <br>The data in the hard disk should be defragmented, rearranged, so it can be accessed more quickly. <br><br>Computer components and configuration <br>The icons and taskbar can he customized, configured, to eater for your needs. <br>Your computer system may need to be upgraded, improved, by adding devices or updating software. <br><br>Internet<br>Messages are posted, sent, to a newsgroup where they are threaded, grouped, by subject. <br>Files can be uploaded, transmitted, to another computer by using FTP. File Transfer Protocol.<br><br>C Sequencing a process<br>The use of time and sequent connectors means we can show the different stages of a process.<br><br>Typical connectors <br>1. First … Then / Next … Finally …<br>2. As …<br>3. After / Once ... <br>4. Before ... <br><br>Examples <br>1. First the computer is switched on. Then the OS is booted. Finally the application is run. <br>2. As the laser printer drum rolls, the toner gets stuck to it and reproduces the original image. <br>3. After you have had a program for a while, it may have to be updated. <br>Once a CD-R has been written to, you can't alter the data. <br>4. Before you can recover the files that have been deleted, you must unformat the hard disk.
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