3.2.6 STATISTICS
All data analyses were conducted using the software R (version 3.1) with package multcomp (Hothorn et al. 2008) for pairwise comparisons and package nlme(Pinheiro et al. 2015) for mixed effects models.
3.2.6.1 Larval performance
Direct effects of copper treatments on larvae were evaluated by (1) larval survival rate, (2) larval normal development, (3) delayed development, (4) larval growth and (5) larval morphometrics. More details concerning data analysis of all larval variables are given in Appendix B because they were not the main focus of this study