Technostress creatorsTechno-overload (Reliability=082) 300 091I1_1—I am forced by this technology to work much faster.∗I1_2—I am forced by this technology to do more work than I can handle.I1_3—I am forced by this technology to work with very tight time schedules.I1_4—I am forced to change my work habits to adapt to new technologies.I1_5—I have a higher workload because of increased technology complexity.Techno-invasion (Reliability=080) 221 083I1_8—I spend less time with my family due to this technology.∗I1_9—I have to be in touch with my work even during my vacation due to this technology.I1_10—I have to sacrifice my vacation and weekend time to keep current on new technologies.I1_11—I feel my personal life is being invaded by this technology.Techno-complexity (Reliability=077) 271 075I1_12—I do not know enough about this technology to handle my job satisfactorily.I1_13—I need a long time to understand and use new technologies.I1_14—I do not find enough time to study and upgrade my technology skills.I1_15—I find new recruits to this organization know more about computer technology than I do.I1_16—I often find it too complex for me to understand and use new technologies.Techno-insecurity (Reliability=078) 253 080I1_17—I feel constant threat to my job security due to new technologies.I1_18—I have to constantly update my skills to avoid being replaced.I1_19—I am threatened by coworkers with newer technology skills.I1_20—I do not share my knowledge with my coworkers for fear of being replaced.∗I1_21—I feel there is less sharing of knowledge among coworkers for fear of being replaced.Techno-uncertainty (Reliability=083) 333 076I1_22—There are always new developments in the technologies we use in our organization.I1_23—There are constant changes in computer software in our organization.I1_24—There are constant changes in computer hardware in our organization.I1_25—There are frequent upgrades in computer networks in our organization.Technostress inhibitorsLiteracy facilitation (Reliability=085) 331 085I2_1—Our organization encourages knowledge sharing to help deal with new technology.∗I2_2—Our organization emphasizes teamwork in dealing with new technology-related problems.I2_3—Our organization provides end-user training before the introduction of new technology.I2_4—Our organization fosters a good relationship between IT department and end users.I2_5—Our organization provides clear documentation to end users on using new technologies.Technical support provision (Reliability=086) 359 078I2_6—Our end-user help desk does a good job of answering questions about technology.∗I2_7—Our end-user help desk is well staffed by knowledgeable individuals.I2_8—Our end-user help desk is easily accessible.I2_9—Our end-user help desk is responsive to end-user requests.Involvement facilitation (Reliability=087) 279 090I2_10—Our end users are encouraged to try out new technologies.∗I2_11—Our end users are rewarded for using new technologies.I2_12—Our end users are consulted before introduction of new technology.I2_13—Our end users are involved in technology change and/or implementation.Job satisfaction (Reliability=087) 373 076I3_1—I like doing the things I do at work.I3_2—I feel a sense of pride in doing my job.I3_3—My job is enjoyable.