to insects have generally identified malacostracans as the most probable sister group of insects based on the anatomy of the optic neuropils (Harzsch, 2002; Sinakevitch et al., 2003) and other neuroanatomical characters (Strausfeld, 2009), or recognised a broader assemblage of remipedes, malacostracans, insects and cephalocarids based on brain characters that are not shared by branchiopods and maxillopodans (Fanenbruck and Harzsch, 2005; Harzsch, 2006).