Horizontal and vertical lines (Figures 1.20a and 1.20b) have particularly simple equa- tions. The y coordinates of all points on a horizontal line are the same. Hence, a hor- izontal line is the graph of a linear function of the form y b, where b is a constant. The slope of a horizontal line is zero, since changes in x produce no changes in y.The x coordinates of all points on a vertical line are equal. Hence, vertical lines are characterized by equations of the form x c, where c is a constant. The slope of a vertical line is undefined because only the y coordinates of points on the line canchange, so the denominator of the quotient