Decision Support SystemsPlanning and implementing decision supportsystems and executive information systems to supportmanager decision processes.Expert Systems and Artificial IntelligenceApplying expert systems or other artificial intelligencetechniques (e.g., neural networks).Telecommunication SystemsLinking software and hardware in the organizationas a network to communicate messages and shareresources.Open SystemsEstablishing software, hardware common standardsor protocols to achieve compatibility amongdifferent supplier products.Electrical Data Interchange (EDI)Exchanging inter-organization data in predefinedformat through telecommunication systems.Centralization/Decentralization of ServicesDetermining whether the data processing isdistributed to user departments or centralized toMIS department.End-User Computing