For example, high-performing groups might report that they engage in a great deal of citizenship behavior not because they really do, but because their implicit theories of performance suggest that high-performing groups help each other, are good sports, and exhibit civic virtue. This is consistent with the recent study reported by Bachrach, Bendoly, and Podsakoff , which found that groups who were told that their performance was high rated themselves as exhibiting more OCBs than groups who were told that their performance was low—even though the feedback was unrelated to the groups’ actual performance. Thus, future research designed to more clearly establish the causal direction of relationships between these variables is needed. Obviously, the best way to accomplish this is through the use of experimental manipulations in laboratory settings. However, when that is not possible, longitudinal designs might be used. Although these designs are obviously not as good as experiments at establishing temporal priority and controlling for confounding factors, they provide better evidence than purely cross-sectional designs.