This research is the first phase of

This research is the first phase of an extensive study and the aim here was to determine the main activities performed by the passengers, their main corresponding postures and their comfort experiences in a train seat. Based on the momentary observations, four main activities were selected, presenting 78% of all performed activities: Reading, Staring/sleeping, Talking and Working on laptop. The type of activities performed also appears to be related to the length of the journey and on cultural properties (Ettema et al. 2012; Watts and Urry 2008; Lyons, Jain, and Holley 2007; Gripsrud and Hjorthol’s 2009). Associated with these four activities, eight different postures were found based on the variations in head position, back posture and seat pan contact. The posture with the head upright, the trunk backwards and full seat contact was the observed posture that occurred in all four activities. For passenger seat design, it is important to optimally support at least this posture with the seat. Second, the seat should support different activities, at least the main four activities mentioned earlier with their corresponding postures. To reduce the muscle load and to avoid symptoms, optimally supporting the train passenger in the most occurring postures and activities by the design of the seat appears important. Working on a laptop is the longest observed activity, but it is also the most constraining activity due to the connectedness with input devices and screen. Therefore, it is really important to create optimal support for postures with this activity to avoid musculoskeletal risks.
The second objective of this study was to evaluate the comfort in relation to the performed activity and to define the required seat adjustments to provide a comfortable posture adapted to the activity and corresponding postures. Comfort scores were not significantly different between activities except for headrest comfort. A higher comfort score was experienced for the headrest with Staring/sleeping compared with Reading. The headrest appears to have a better fit for Staring/sleeping. Nearly on all activities in combination with seat parts the majority of passengers prefer adjustability options to fit the chair to the performed activity. Adjustability options for seat parts can provide different postures, can meet the variety in morphology and can provoke a better task performance when optimally adjusted. The passengers’ comments show that besides improvements of seat parts such as seat and backrest inclination, headrest adjustability, tablet adjustability, improvement of space and mainly leg space are important issues. This is also reported in other transportation studies (Vink et al. 2012). The top eight corresponding postures combined with comfort scores showed that per activity different postures were observed and the comfort scores varied in relation to the combination of posture and activity. Again, this supports the conclusion that to create optimal support for different activities and corresponding postures a variety of adjustability options are needed.
The outcomes of this study are used as input for two experimental studies with a mock-up passenger seat for both static and dynamic experiments.

結果 (中文) 1:

这项研究是一项广泛的研究的第一阶段和在这里的目的是确定主要活动由乘客，他们主要的相应姿势和自我安慰的经验在火车座位上。基于瞬时观测，四项主要活动入选，呈现 78%的所有执行活动 ︰ 阅读，凝视/睡觉，说话和笔记本电脑上工作。执行的活动类型似乎也与长度的旅程和对文化属性 （Ettema et al.2012; 相关美国瓦茨和厄里 2008 年;里昂，耆那教和华立 2007 年;Gripsrud 和 Hjorthol 的 2009年)。与这些四个活动有关联，根据头部位置、 背的姿势和阀座泛接触的变化找到八个不同的姿势。头部直立，树干的姿势向后和充分阀座接触是发生在所有四个活动的观察的姿势。乘客座椅设计，为重要的是以最佳方式支持，至少这种姿势与阀座。第二，座位应至少支持不同的活动，与他们相应的姿势前面提到的主要四个活动。为了减少肌肉负荷，避免症状，以最佳方式支持火车乘客中最常见的姿势和活动座椅的设计显得重要。在笔记本电脑上的工作是观测时间最长的活动，但它也是造成的连通与输入的设备和屏幕最受限制的活动。因此，它是创建对姿势提供最佳支持这一活动以避免肌肉骨骼的风险非常重要。这项研究的第二个目标是评估执行活动舒适性并定义所需的座位调整，以提供一个舒适的体位，适应活动和相应的姿势。舒适的成绩没有显著差异外头枕舒适的活动。分数越高的舒适的头枕经历了凝视睡觉相比阅读。头枕似乎有一个更好的适合凝视/睡觉。几乎在所有活动座椅零件结合乘客绝大多数喜欢可调性选项，以适合于执行活动椅子。座椅零件的可调节选项可以提供不同的姿势，可以满足在形态学上的变化和可以惹起更好的任务性能优化调整时。乘客的意见表明，除了改进的坐垫和靠背倾角、 头枕可调、 平板电脑可调节座椅零件，改进空间和腿部空间主要的重要问题。这也是其他运输研究 （温克 et al.，2012年） 报告。顶尖的八个相应姿势结合舒适分数表明每个活动，观察不同体位和姿势和活动的结合，所不同的舒适得分。再次，这支持打造最优支持不同的活动以及相应的姿势繁多的可调性需要选择的结论。这项研究的成果作为输入用于静态和动态实验模拟乘客座位的两个实验研究。

結果 (中文) 3:

这项研究是一个广泛的研究的第一阶段，这里的目标是确定的主要活动的乘客，他们的主要相应的姿势和他们的舒适体验在火车座椅。基于瞬时观测，四个主要活动的选择，提出了78%的所有进行的活动：阅读，凝视/睡觉，说话和工作的笔记本电脑。完成活动的类型似乎也为旅程的长度和文化性质相关（Ettema等人。2012；瓦和厄里2008；里昂，耆那教，和霍利2007；gripsrud和hjorthol 2009）。与这四个活动相关联，八个不同的姿势被发现的基础上的变化，头部位置，背部的姿势和座椅盘接触。与头部直立，躯干向后和完整的座椅接触的姿势是所观察到的姿势，发生在所有四个活动。对于乘客座椅设计，它是重要的，以最佳地支持至少这样的姿态与座椅。二、座椅应支持不同的活动，至少四次活动中所提及的主要活动与其对应的姿势。为了减少肌肉负荷，并避免症状，最佳地支持火车乘客在大多数发生的姿势和活动的设计，座椅的设计显得很重要。在笔记本电脑上工作是最长的观察到的活动，但它也是最受制约的活动，由于与输入设备和屏幕的连通性。因此，这是非常重要的，以创造最佳的姿势与此活动的支持，以避免肌肉骨骼风险。本研究的二个目标是评估的舒适性，在关系到执行的活动，并确定所需的座椅调整，以提供一个舒适的姿势适应的活动和相应的姿势。舒适的成绩没有显著差异之间的活动除了头枕舒适。更高的舒适度评分经历凝视/睡觉与读头枕。头枕似乎凝视/睡眠更好。几乎与座椅部件多数乘客喜欢适应性选择适合的椅子进行的活动组合的所有活动。座椅部分调节选项可以提供不同的姿势，能满足各种形态的能引起更好的任务时的性能优化调整。乘客的意见表明，除了座椅部件如座椅的改进和靠背倾斜，头枕可调、平板可调，改善空间和主要的腿部空间是很重要的问题。这也是其他运输研究报告（温克等。2012）。与舒适的成绩相结合的前八个相应的姿势显示，每活动不同的姿势，观察和舒适的分数变化的姿势和活动的组合变化。再次，这支持了结论，创造最佳的支持不同的活动和相应的姿势各种可选择的需要。这项研究的结果被用作输入的模拟乘客座椅静态和动态实验的两个实验研究。