Fama and Jensen’s work provides a useful starting point for delineating different classes of decision rights in ISD projects. They identify four types of activities encompassed by decision rights in organizations:
(a) ratification/approval, which they define as the choice and approval of the initiatives to be implemented;
(b) monitoring, which relates to the specification and implementation of performance measurement criteria;
(c) initiation, which they define as utilization of organizational resources; and
(d)implementation, which they describe as execution of ratified decisions.