This scale is designed to identify the existence of depressive symptoms and evaluate their severity. It is a 20-item measure consisting of 4 positively worded items and 16 negatively worded items. The positive items are reversecoded so that the scores have a potential range of 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating the presence of more depressive symptoms [23]. The internal consistency of the Korean version of the CES-D-K was verified in 1993 by Cho et al. (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.9098) [32].