In contrast to older women who had higher PARs for MetS() and other metabolic risk factors, younger men aged 30-45 also had strikingly high PARs for AH(), DM, elevated TG and low HDL-C for all-cause mortality (Figure 2). This result may be due to the “female advantage” in the pre-menopausal women compared to age-matched men for metabolic diseases [14,28].