Cause and Effect– Refers to a probabilistic relationship between a cause (IV) and an effect (DV)– Why “probabilistic”? ▪ For example, depression can occur in many different ways. Having a baby, being fired from a job, getting a divorce, and numerous other events can cause an onset of depression. However, none of these events by itself is sufficient to cause depression.▪ Any causal relationship occurs within the context of many factors, and, if any of these other factors change, the causal relationship previously identified might or might not be replicated.