Testing of inbred lines is one solution to this problem, but for those species in which inbred lines are not feasible, selection based on family mean phenotype is an alternative solution. Mass production of progeny of a specific cross may also be a goal, to exploit favorable specific combining ability (non-additive genetic effects). For example, in forest trees, seed orchard managers prefer parental selection to establish seed orchards. This is sometimes called backward selection (selection of individuals of a previous generation) or among-family selection. Breeders use phenotypic data from many progeny to calculate the breeding values of families or parents with high accuracy.