To check nonresponse bias, the early respondents (top 5%) were compared with late respondents (bottom 5%) on the demographic variables (e.g., gender, age, and income) and the measurement items (Armstrong & Overton, 1977). We conducted chi-square tests to exam- ine the respondents’ demographic characteristics and the result showed no significant differences (α = .05) between early and late respondents. Also, t-tests were conducted to assess the measurement items, and the result showed that there were no significant differences (α = .05) between early and late respondents. Thus, nonresponse bias was not a major concern for this study.