Forty TLE patients were recruited from the Thomas Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center. Patients were excluded from the study for any of the following reasons: medical illness with central nervous system impact other than epilepsy; prior or current alcohol or illicit drug abuse; extratemporal epilepsy; bilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS); any pathology outside the ictal temporal lobe; psychiatric diagnosis for any Axis I disorder listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – IV. Depressive Disorders were allowed in the patient sample, given the high co-morbidity of depression and epilepsy.Patients with mental retardation who were likely to be unable to cooperate with the MRI examination were also excluded.