Hierarchical value maps (HVMs) were created for each laddering method from an aggregate mplication matrix using top-down cut off procedure (Leppard, Russell, & Cox, in press; Russell et al., 2004). Choosing a cut-off of the top 4 provides the four most important’ (most frequently chosen) links between two levels of abstraction. Using the top 4 reported links from one level of abstraction to another, rather than an absolute value, standardises the results for the number of ladders in the data, hence the problems of too low, or having non-meaningful results are reduced and differences infrequencies of selecting between the three laddering methods would not be reflected on the maps. The possibility of ties was allowed, meaning that more than four items could be included in the HVM at one particular level of abstraction when the cut-off was 4