1. The LIB is composed of three essential components, namely, the Li+ intercalation anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte/separator. Lithium ions move from the cathode to the anode through the electrolyte/separator during charging and back again when discharging, while simultaneously, the electrons flow out of the external circuit to provide the electrical power. The reaction mechanism is shown as follows, using LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) cathode and graphite anode as examples: