androughly1in3menwereunionmembers,theywereabletoexertapower-
fulinfluenceovermaintaininghighwages.Thestudyfoundthatthelargestfactor
contributingtouniondeclinehasbeenthegrowthofjobsoutsideoftraditionally
unionizedindustries,suchasmanufacturingandconstruction.Thestudyalsofound
that,eveninunionizedindustries,managershaveincreasinglygrownopposedto
unionactivity.6