This is the case of Rana iberica (Boulenger 1879), an endemic species restricted to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula and categorized as Near Threatened by the IUCN for its currently decreasing population trend (Tejedo et al. 2009). This species preferentially inhabits swift streams in humid, mountainous areas, where it often co-occurs with other endemics such as Chioglossa lusitanica (Bocage 1864), Lissotriton boscai (Lataste, 1879), and Lacerta schreiberi (Bedriaga 1878; Teixeira 2008). In addition, R. iberica also has population isolatesin its southern distribution range, possibly raising relevant conservation issues. In spite of the potential phylogeographical interest of this species, only a few studies concerning the population genetics of R. iberica are available (Arano et al. 1993; Martı´nez-Solano et al.2005), none covering the whole distribution range of the species and characterizing phylogeographical patterns.In this study, we investigate the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)phylogeographic patterns in a large sample of R. iberica comprising its complete geographical distribution. Specifically, we test the effect of Quaternary climate changes on the evolutionary diversification of lineages, that is, the differentiation of mitochondrial lineages and the formation of genetic diversity melting pots by secondary admixture, and integrate the phylogeographic evidences here presented for future conservation planning and immediate actions for this species.