This range compares favorably tomeasured values ofmranging from 0.3
to 0.5 reported by Ichihara andMatsuzawa (1973) from the results of shake table tests
on small-scale gravity wall models. The distributions for static and dynamic increment
of active earth pressure illustrated in Figure 4 are also identical to those recommended
for the design of flexible anchored sheet pile walls (Ebling and Morrison 1993).
Finally, to simplify all stability calculations in this paper, and to be consistent with
the convention adopted in the NCMA guidelines, only the horizontal component of PAE
is used in stability calculations, i.e. PAEcos(δ--ψ). This assumption results in a conservative
(i.e. safe) design by ignoring the stabilizing benefit of the vertical component of
PAE.