The meaning of emotional labor can be analyzed from two aspects: the suppression and expression of emotions in job-focused emotional labor and deep-level and surface strategies of emotional actions in job-focused emotional labor (Brotheridge & Grandey, 2002). Job-focused emtional labor is the emotional regulation required for a job. Service-sector jobs that require employees to control their emotions whilst serving customers and to harness emotions to portray a certain work-role expectation involve job-focused emotional labor (Brotheridge & Grandey, 2002).In this context, the “variety of emotions” (VE) refers to the spectrum of emotional responses expected of employees when interacting with people of different backgrounds, on different occasions, and in different places (Wharton, 1993). When a job requires more frequent and complex changes in emotional states from employees at work, and employees must expend additional effort to anticipate all possible situations and plan for appropriate responses, the employees are considered to engage in a high level of emtional labor (Morris & Feldman, 1996). In contexts demanding a high level of emotional labor, employees show positive emotions and hide negative emotions at work because of emotion-related regulations established by the company or organization for which they work (Wharton & Erickson, 1995). The positive or negative expression of emotions is regulated to a certain degree. The emotional performance of employees must meet the expected standards of their roles.
The meaning of emotional labor can be analyzed from two aspects: the suppression and expression of emotions in job-focused emotional labor and deep-level and surface strategies of emotional actions in job-focused emotional labor (Brotheridge & Grandey, 2002). Job-focused emtional labor is the emotional regulation required for a job. Service-sector jobs that require employees to control their emotions whilst serving customers and to harness emotions to portray a certain work-role expectation involve job-focused emotional labor (Brotheridge & Grandey, 2002).In this context, the “variety of emotions” (VE) refers to the spectrum of emotional responses expected of employees when interacting with people of different backgrounds, on different occasions, and in different places (Wharton, 1993). When a job requires more frequent and complex changes in emotional states from employees at work, and employees must expend additional effort to anticipate all possible situations and plan for appropriate responses, the employees are considered to engage in a high level of emtional labor (Morris & Feldman, 1996). In contexts demanding a high level of emotional labor, employees show positive emotions and hide negative emotions at work because of emotion-related regulations established by the company or organization for which they work (Wharton & Erickson, 1995). The positive or negative expression of emotions is regulated to a certain degree. The emotional performance of employees must meet the expected standards of their roles.
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