Inclusion was based on the presence of elevated waist circumference (>35 inches for women and >40 inches for men) and fasting serum lipids that met any 2 of the following 4 criteria: 1) total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL; 2) LDL cholesterol > 100 mg/dL; 3) TGs > 150 mg/dL; and 4) HDL cholesterol < 50 mg/dL for women and < 40 mg/dL for men