Recent efforts to achieve time-reso

Recent efforts to achieve time-resolved imaging of chemical reac￾tions or other structural changes with sub-femtosecond resolution
possess a strong interdisciplinary character, since the goal is of inter￾est for physics, chemistry, and biology. Pioneering experiments with
near-infrared ultrashort laser pulses like the ones in [1,2] in which
structural information about the chemically most relevant valence
electrons was extracted from the emitted high-harmonic radiation
or electron spectra have been of great interest, since these ap￾proaches should intrinsically have the potential for providing also
the required time resolution. However, in contrast to the initial
assumptions, recent experiments have demonstrated that the
molecular strong-field response depends, at least for some mole￾cules, on more than one orbital [3–6]. While such multi-orbital ef￾fects clearly complicate simple imaging schemes, they can also be
the source for even richer information that can be gained from such
experiments. An example is the electron–hole dynamics in the laser￾generated ion that may be observed by analyzing the high-harmonic
radiation [5]. Though very exciting by itself, this appears to make di￾rect imaging of the valence electrons and their field-free dynamics
during, e.g., a chemical reaction more complicated.
The proposed imaging schemes based on linear-polarized ultra￾short near-infrared laser pulses may roughly be divided into two
categories, rescattering-based schemes and direct imaging. The
first category is based on the celebrated three-step model of
strong-field physics in which (1) an electronic wavepacket leaves
the molecule around the local maxima of the electric field by tun￾neling ionization, (2) this wavepacket is accelerated in the laser
field and reverses its direction as the field direction changes, and
(3) the electronic wavepacket may recollide with its parent ion.
As a consequence of this recollision, the electronic wavepacket
may partly scatter elastically (diffraction) or inelastically (leading
to excitation or further fragmentation), or recombine by the emis￾sion of high-harmonic radiation. Clearly, all these processes should
depend on the structure of the molecular ion and thus have the po￾tential for revealing structural information. This includes both
electronic structure as well as nuclear geometry. Corresponding re￾views may be found in [7,8]

結果 (中文) 1:

最近为实现时间分辨成像的化学 reac 解或其他结构的变化与子飞秒决议所作的努力具备较强的跨学科性质，因为目标是的除 est 对物理、 化学和生物学。开创性的试验与近红外超短激光脉冲像 [1，2]，化学最相关的价态的结构信息电子从发出的高次谐波辐射被提取或电子谱已极大的兴趣，因为这些 ap 各种; 本质上应该有潜力还提供所需的时间分辨率。然而，与最初的假设，最近的实验表明，强场的分子反应，取决于至少为一些鼹鼠 cules，对多个轨道 [3-6]。而这种多轨道的所得显然更为复杂的简单成像方案，它们也可以是可以得到这样的更丰富信息的来源实验。一个例子是可能遵守分析高次谐波产生的激光离子的电子-空穴动态辐射 [5]。虽然很令人兴奋的本身，这似乎使迪 rect 成像的价电子和他们无场动力学反应过程中，例如，化学更复杂。基于线性极化超短近红外激光脉冲的成像方案大致可分为两个类别、 基于再散射的方案和直接成像。的第一类基于著名的三步模型的强场物理在哪 (1) 电子波包叶周围的电场由屯 neling 电离，(2) 此包在激光加速局部极大值分子字段和反转作为字段的方向变化，其方向和（3） 电子波包可能会再次遇到同其父离子。由于此的高能电子波包可能部分弹性散射 （衍射） 或漂移 （领先对励磁或进一步碎片），或由 emis 重组 sion 的高次谐波辐射。很明显，所有这些过程应取决于结构的分子离子，因此坡势为揭示结构信息。这包括两个电子结构以及核几何。相应的完善意见，可在 [7，8]

結果 (中文) 3:

最近努力实现时间分辨成像的化学反应，或其他结构￾亚飞秒分辨率变化具有较强的跨学科性质，既然目标是￾间EST的物理、化学和生物学。开拓性实验近红外飞秒激光脉冲在[1,2]中的关于化学最相关价的结构信息电子从所发射的高次谐波辐射中提取或电子光谱有很大的兴趣，因为这些AP￾方法应内在地具有的潜力，提供所需的时间分辨率。然而，在对比的初始假设，最近的实验表明，分子强场响应取决于，至少对某些痣￾分子，在多个轨道3–[ 6 ]。而这种多轨道EF￾缺陷显然复杂简单的拍摄计划，他们也可以更丰富的信息，可以从这样获得的来源实验。一个例子是电子–孔动力学在激光￾生成离子可能通过高谐波观察辐射[ 5 ]。虽然本身很精彩，这似乎让迪￾直接成像的价电子和现场动态在，例如，一个化学反应更复杂。该成像方案基于线性极化超￾短近红外激光脉冲可以粗略分为两个类，再散射为基础的方案和直接成像。这个第一类是基于著名的三个步骤的模型在强场物理（1）电子波包的叶子分子在电场的局部极大值的屯￾达到电离，（2）这包是激光加速字段，并反转它的方向作为字段方向的变化，和（3）电子波包可以recollide与它的母体离子。作为这一过程的结果，电子波包可能部分分散的弹性或非弹性（领先（衍射）为了进一步激发或碎片），或重组的高次谐波辐射发射￾锡安。显然，所有这些过程都应该取决于分子离子的结构从而有坡势￾揭示结构信息。这包括电子结构和核几何。相应的￾看法可能会发现[7 ]