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3.1 Total suspended solids (TSS)All
3.1 Total suspended solids (TSS)
All grass swale designs significantly removed TSS from stormwater runoff, both in terms of N-EMC (Table 2) and total mass (Table 3). With influent (HWY, HWY-CD) event mean concentrations ranging from 8 to 582 mg/L, mean TSS effluent concentrations were 7 and 9 mg/L for the No-FS and FS swales, respectively; mean effluent TSS EMCs were 19 and 52 mg/L for the No-FS-CD and FS-CD swales from an input range of 8e582 mg/L. Probability plots (Fig. 1a) further confirm the successful removal of TSS, with 50e60% of events completely infiltrated, and the remainder of events consistently below influent concentrations. TSS treatment efficiencies are within expected ranges when compared to previous studies which showed TSS reductions of 65e98% (Schueler, 1994), 85e87% (Barrett et al., 1998), 68% (Yu et al., 2001), 79e98% (Backstrom, 2003), and 48% (Barrett, 2005). Removal of suspended solids in the swale is attributable first to an initial capture of the highly concentrated “first flush” (Bertrand Krajewski et al.,1998; Sansalone and Cristina,2004; Bach et al., 2010) by infiltration and then to sedimentation and filtration on cethes wales begin to discharge. Atypical pollutograph (Fig. 2) clearly exhibits these treatment mechanism responses, infiltrating the characteristic first flush of TSS in the HWY runoff and then reducing TSS concentrations throughout the remainder of the storm event. This treatment pattern is further corroborated by the statistically significant reduction of both TSS mass and mean concentrations.
All grass swale designs significantly removed TSS from stormwater runoff, both in terms of N-EMC (Table 2) and total mass (Table 3). With influent (HWY, HWY-CD) event mean concentrations ranging from 8 to 582 mg/L, mean TSS effluent concentrations were 7 and 9 mg/L for the No-FS and FS swales, respectively; mean effluent TSS EMCs were 19 and 52 mg/L for the No-FS-CD and FS-CD swales from an input range of 8e582 mg/L. Probability plots (Fig. 1a) further confirm the successful removal of TSS, with 50e60% of events completely infiltrated, and the remainder of events consistently below influent concentrations. TSS treatment efficiencies are within expected ranges when compared to previous studies which showed TSS reductions of 65e98% (Schueler, 1994), 85e87% (Barrett et al., 1998), 68% (Yu et al., 2001), 79e98% (Backstrom, 2003), and 48% (Barrett, 2005). Removal of suspended solids in the swale is attributable first to an initial capture of the highly concentrated “first flush” (Bertrand Krajewski et al.,1998; Sansalone and Cristina,2004; Bach et al., 2010) by infiltration and then to sedimentation and filtration on cethes wales begin to discharge. Atypical pollutograph (Fig. 2) clearly exhibits these treatment mechanism responses, infiltrating the characteristic first flush of TSS in the HWY runoff and then reducing TSS concentrations throughout the remainder of the storm event. This treatment pattern is further corroborated by the statistically significant reduction of both TSS mass and mean concentrations.
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3.1 Total suspended solids (TSS)All grass swale designs significantly removed TSS from stormwater runoff, both in terms of N-EMC (Table 2) and total mass (Table 3). With influent (HWY, HWY-CD) event mean concentrations ranging from 8 to 582 mg/L, mean TSS effluent concentrations were 7 and 9 mg/L for the No-FS and FS swales, respectively; mean effluent TSS EMCs were 19 and 52 mg/L for the No-FS-CD and FS-CD swales from an input range of 8e582 mg/L. Probability plots (Fig. 1a) further confirm the successful removal of TSS, with 50e60% of events completely infiltrated, and the remainder of events consistently below influent concentrations. TSS treatment efficiencies are within expected ranges when compared to previous studies which showed TSS reductions of 65e98% (Schueler, 1994), 85e87% (Barrett et al., 1998), 68% (Yu et al., 2001), 79e98% (Backstrom, 2003), and 48% (Barrett, 2005). Removal of suspended solids in the swale is attributable first to an initial capture of the highly concentrated “first flush” (Bertrand Krajewski et al.,1998; Sansalone and Cristina,2004; Bach et al., 2010) by infiltration and then to sedimentation and filtration on cethes wales begin to discharge. Atypical pollutograph (Fig. 2) clearly exhibits these treatment mechanism responses, infiltrating the characteristic first flush of TSS in the HWY runoff and then reducing TSS concentrations throughout the remainder of the storm event. This treatment pattern is further corroborated by the statistically significant reduction of both TSS mass and mean concentrations.
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3.1总悬浮固体（TSS）
所有草沟设计显着去除TSS雨水径流，无论n-emc（表2）和总质量（表3）。进水（蜇，hwy-cd）事件平均浓度范围从8至582毫克/升，平均TSS出水浓度分别为7和9毫克/升的没有FS和FS洼地，分别；平均出水TSS浓度分别为19和52毫克/升无FS的CD和fs-cd洼地从8e582 mg/L概率图输入范围（图1A）进一步确定TSS成功去除，与事件完全渗透50e60 %，其余事件持续低于进水浓度。TSS的处理效率，在预期范围内时相比，以前的研究表明%（Schueler 65e98 TSS减少，1994），85e87 %（巴雷特等人。，1998），68%（Yu等人。，2001），（贝克斯托姆79e98 %，2003），和48%（巴雷特，2005）。在沼泽地的悬浮物的去除是由于第一的高度集中的“第一冲洗初始捕获”（贝特朗克拉耶夫斯基等人。，1998；Sansalone和克里斯蒂娜，2004；巴赫等人。，2010）的渗透，并在威尔士cethes沉淀和过滤开始放电。非典型污染图（图2）清楚地显示出这些治疗机制的反应，浸润的TSS特征第一个冲在公路径流并减少TSS浓度在风暴事件的剩余。这种治疗模式进一步证实了的TSS质量显著降低，平均浓度。
所有草沟设计显着去除TSS雨水径流，无论n-emc（表2）和总质量（表3）。进水（蜇，hwy-cd）事件平均浓度范围从8至582毫克/升，平均TSS出水浓度分别为7和9毫克/升的没有FS和FS洼地，分别；平均出水TSS浓度分别为19和52毫克/升无FS的CD和fs-cd洼地从8e582 mg/L概率图输入范围（图1A）进一步确定TSS成功去除，与事件完全渗透50e60 %，其余事件持续低于进水浓度。TSS的处理效率，在预期范围内时相比，以前的研究表明%（Schueler 65e98 TSS减少，1994），85e87 %（巴雷特等人。，1998），68%（Yu等人。，2001），（贝克斯托姆79e98 %，2003），和48%（巴雷特，2005）。在沼泽地的悬浮物的去除是由于第一的高度集中的“第一冲洗初始捕获”（贝特朗克拉耶夫斯基等人。，1998；Sansalone和克里斯蒂娜，2004；巴赫等人。，2010）的渗透，并在威尔士cethes沉淀和过滤开始放电。非典型污染图（图2）清楚地显示出这些治疗机制的反应，浸润的TSS特征第一个冲在公路径流并减少TSS浓度在风暴事件的剩余。这种治疗模式进一步证实了的TSS质量显著降低，平均浓度。
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