If new insight is to emerge, established ideas must be scrutinised and criticised by usingtheories, methods, arguments, experiences and evidence. The pupils must be able to assessdifferent sources of knowledge and think critically about how knowledge is developed.They must also be able to understand that their own experiences, points of view andconvictions may be incomplete or erroneous. Critical reflection requires knowledge, butthere is also room for uncertainty and unpredictability. The teaching and training musttherefore seek a balance between respect for established knowledge and the explorative andcreative thinking required to develop new knowledge.Ethical awareness, which means balancing different considerations, is necessary if one isto be a reflecting and responsible human being. The teaching and training must develop thepupils' ability to make ethical assessments and help them to be cognisant of ethical issues.