Subjects.ethod
We completed assessments in 20 never-medicated adult ADHD subjects (12 females, 8 males) (Table 1 provides clinical and demographic characteristics). ADHD subjects were recruited from clinical referrals to the ADHD programs at Mount Sinai School of Medicine (MSSM), Duke University, and University of California, Irvine (UCI). At least two clinicians interviewed the patients to ensure that they met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for ADHD, as evidenced by the presence of at least six of nine inattention symptoms (with or without six of nine hyperactive/impulsive symptoms) as ascertained with a semi-structured interview using DSM-IV criteria. In addition, evidence was required from each subject's history that some symptoms of ADHD were present in childhood (before age 7 years) even when the diagnosis was not made until adulthood. Subjects were excluded if they had a previous history of >3 months of medication treatment for ADHD and excluded if this short treatment occurred within the 6 months before the study.