A second conclusion is that instruction in an educational gym- nastics course does not significantly improve the health-related fit- ness of PETE students on most of the fitness tests used in this study. Findings indicate that PETE students had significantly better abdom- inal strength and endurance and a lower percentage of body fat by the end of the course. However, PETE students’ upper body strength and endurance and their flexibility did not improve significantly, and cardiovascular endurance appeared to be worse. Participation in the educational gymnastics course may have contributed to the improvement in scores on the Curl-Up and Body Composition tests. Many educational gymnastics tasks required PETE students to uti- lize their abdominal muscles, which may have favorably affected Curl-Up test scores. PETE students were engaged in MVPA at al- most every class meeting, which may have contributed to a lower percentage of body fat by the end of the semester. Participation in physical activities outside of class time during the semester may also have contributed to improved scores. The results indicate that a re- lationship may exist between the time that the PETE students spend in MVPA outside of educational gymnastics class time and certain health-related fitness indicators at posttest. Activities reported on the physical activity recalls such as weight lifting may have affected Curl-Up test scores. Any of the 29 reported activities may have af- fected body composition. Additionally, PETE students’ dietary pat- terns (which were not accounted for in this study) could have af- fected their body compositions.