Many scholars define new product de

Many scholars define new product development as an uncertainty reduction process. Because uncertainty can lead to both positive and negative outcomes, refinements in this initial definition are required for application to project management. Perminova et al. defined "uncertainty as a context for risks as events having a negative impact on the project0s outcomes, or opportunities, as events that have a beneficial impact on project performance". If uncertainty reflects the difference between the amount of knowledge to perform a task and the amount of knowledge available in the company, development managers can overcome this gap by increasing available knowledge through multiple means, such as empirical experience, recruitment of new expertise, or processing of information in different ways. From this perspective, collecting enough information during the go/no-go stages until rational decisions can be made will reduce the level of uncertainty. For example, research has recommended increased communication between departments, specifically research and development and marketing, or even improvements in the company0s information systems to gather, process, and structure the information

結果 (繁體中文) 2:

許多學者將新產品開發定義為一種不確定性降低過程。由於不確定性可能導致積極和消極的結果，因此，為了應用於專案管理，需要對此初始定義的改進。Perminova 等人將"不確定性定義為風險的背景，因為對專案結果或機會有負面影響的事件，即對專案績效產生有利影響的事件"。如果不確定性反映了執行某項任務的知識量與公司現有知識量之間的差異，則發展經理可以通過多種方式（如經驗經驗、招聘新專業知識或以不同方式處理資訊）增加現有知識來克服這一差距。從這個角度看，在進行/禁止進入階段收集足夠的資訊，直到能夠做出合理的決定，將減少不確定性的程度。例如，研究建議加強部門之間的溝通，特別是研發和行銷，甚至改進公司資訊系統，以收集、處理和構建資訊

結果 (繁體中文) 3:

許多學者將新產品開發定義為一個不確定性降低過程。由於不確定性可能導致積極和消極的結果，囙此需要對該初始定義進行細化，以便應用於專案管理。Perminova等人。將“不確定性定義為對項目產生負面影響的風險，或對項目績效產生有利影響的機會”。如果不確定性反映了執行任務所需的知識量與公司可用的知識量之間的差异，那麼開發經理可以通過多種方式新增可用的知識來克服這一差距，如經驗經驗、招聘新的專業知識，或以不同管道處理資訊。從這個角度來看，在進行/不進行階段收集足够的資訊，直到做出合理的决定，將减少不確定性水准。例如，研究建議加强部門之間的溝通，特別是研發和行銷，甚至改進公司的資訊系統，以收集、處理和組織資訊