426 THOMA ET AL.behavior from the simplest of habits all the way up to的繁體中文翻譯

426 THOMA ET AL.behavior from the s

426 THOMA ET AL.
behavior from the simplest of habits all the way up to the acquisition of
language (Skinner, 1957). Skinner’s operant learning methods are still
directly applied to this day in such paradigms as token economies on
inpatient units as well as behavioral interventions with children, such
as “time outs.”
One of the first researchers to apply behavioristic principles to clinical
applications was Mary Cover Jones, Watson’s assistant in the Little
Albert experiment. She reasoned that if conditioning could be used to
induce a phobia, perhaps it could be used to undo a phobia as well
(Jones, 1924). For example, she reduced fear in a three-year-old boy
who was afraid of fuzzy white objects by gradually bringing a rabbit
in a cage closer and closer to the boy while he ate so that he eventually
was able to touch it. Other early clinical applications include Pavlovian
extinguishing of bedwetting (Mowrer & Mowrer, 1938) and the development
of progressive relaxation techniques (Jacobson, 1929), which
were applied to a wide variety of physical and mental conditions, including
hypertension, insomnia, and phobias.
While there are many behavior therapies that are heralded as the
forerunners for current practices (such as Wolpe’s systematic desensitization
or Beck’s cognitive therapy, described below), one of the first behavior
therapies widely administered to clients was assertion training.
Developed by Andrew Salter, assertion training was designed to assist
clients to overcome their inhibitions, which were widely considered the
etiological basis for neurosis (Salter, 1949). Salter’s work was highly influential,
even if little recognized outside behavior therapy circles. His
work in developing a behavior therapy was the basis for more highly
developed assertiveness training programs, including the widely used
client-oriented book Your Perfect Right (Alberti & Emmons, 2008). Assertion
training remains a critical component of many CBT protocols.
Like many of the early developers of CBT, Joseph Wolpe was a psychiatrist
originally trained as a psychoanalyst. Wolpe then became interested
in finding ways to apply behavioristic principles to humans
(Glass & Arnkoff, 1992). Working in his native country of South Africa,
he began with de-conditioning experiments on cats and then applied
his findings to humans, developing one of the earliest behavior therapies
known as systematic desensitization (Wolpe, 1958). This approach,
using what Wolpe called reciprocal inhibition, centered on exposure to
feared stimuli through use of imaginal imagery, which would then be
alternated with relaxing imagery. The theory held that the relaxation
response would become coupled with the target imagery in place of
the fear response, under the belief that incompatible physiological responses
would allow for the transfer of new associations. Systematic
desensitization was used to treat phobias, social anxiety, generalized
CONTEMPORARY COGNITIVE BEHAV IOR THERAPY 427
anxiety, stuttering, impotence, and other disorders. This approach became
highly influential, setting the stage for manualization of BT as
well as disseminating the use of exposure techniques. More recent
evidence has shown that systematic desensitization did not appear to
require the relaxation component, thus pointing toward the exposure
component as the active ingredient. These findings invalidated Wolpe’s
original theory, but supported the systematic application of exposure
(Marks, 1987).
0/5000
原始語言: -
目標語言: -
結果 (繁體中文) 1: [復制]
復制成功!
426 THOMA ET AL.behavior from the simplest of habits all the way up to the acquisition oflanguage (Skinner, 1957). Skinner’s operant learning methods are stilldirectly applied to this day in such paradigms as token economies oninpatient units as well as behavioral interventions with children, suchas “time outs.”One of the first researchers to apply behavioristic principles to clinicalapplications was Mary Cover Jones, Watson’s assistant in the LittleAlbert experiment. She reasoned that if conditioning could be used toinduce a phobia, perhaps it could be used to undo a phobia as well(Jones, 1924). For example, she reduced fear in a three-year-old boywho was afraid of fuzzy white objects by gradually bringing a rabbitin a cage closer and closer to the boy while he ate so that he eventuallywas able to touch it. Other early clinical applications include Pavlovianextinguishing of bedwetting (Mowrer & Mowrer, 1938) and the developmentof progressive relaxation techniques (Jacobson, 1929), whichwere applied to a wide variety of physical and mental conditions, includinghypertension, insomnia, and phobias.While there are many behavior therapies that are heralded as theforerunners for current practices (such as Wolpe’s systematic desensitizationor Beck’s cognitive therapy, described below), one of the first behaviortherapies widely administered to clients was assertion training.Developed by Andrew Salter, assertion training was designed to assistclients to overcome their inhibitions, which were widely considered theetiological basis for neurosis (Salter, 1949). Salter’s work was highly influential,even if little recognized outside behavior therapy circles. Hiswork in developing a behavior therapy was the basis for more highlydeveloped assertiveness training programs, including the widely usedclient-oriented book Your Perfect Right (Alberti & Emmons, 2008). Assertiontraining remains a critical component of many CBT protocols.Like many of the early developers of CBT, Joseph Wolpe was a psychiatristoriginally trained as a psychoanalyst. Wolpe then became interestedin finding ways to apply behavioristic principles to humans(Glass & Arnkoff, 1992). Working in his native country of South Africa,he began with de-conditioning experiments on cats and then appliedhis findings to humans, developing one of the earliest behavior therapiesknown as systematic desensitization (Wolpe, 1958). This approach,using what Wolpe called reciprocal inhibition, centered on exposure tofeared stimuli through use of imaginal imagery, which would then bealternated with relaxing imagery. The theory held that the relaxationresponse would become coupled with the target imagery in place ofthe fear response, under the belief that incompatible physiological responseswould allow for the transfer of new associations. Systematicdesensitization was used to treat phobias, social anxiety, generalized
CONTEMPORARY COGNITIVE BEHAV IOR THERAPY 427
anxiety, stuttering, impotence, and other disorders. This approach became
highly influential, setting the stage for manualization of BT as
well as disseminating the use of exposure techniques. More recent
evidence has shown that systematic desensitization did not appear to
require the relaxation component, thus pointing toward the exposure
component as the active ingredient. These findings invalidated Wolpe’s
original theory, but supported the systematic application of exposure
(Marks, 1987).
正在翻譯中..
結果 (繁體中文) 2:[復制]
復制成功!
426 THOMA等人
從最簡單的習慣行為,一路收購的
語言(斯金納,1957)。斯金納的操作性的學習方法仍然
直接應用到今天在這樣的範式作為記號經濟
住院部以及與兒童行為干預,如
為“超時”。
其中第一個研究人員,以行為主義原則適用於臨床
應用是瑪麗封面瓊斯,屈臣氏在小助手
艾伯特實驗。她的理由是,如果條件可以用來
引起恐懼症,也許它可以用來撤消恐懼症,以及
(瓊斯,1924年)。例如,她在三十歲的男孩怕降低
誰是通過逐步使兔子怕模糊的白色物體
在一個籠子裡越來越接近了男孩,而他吃,使他最終
能觸摸它。其他早期的臨床應用包括巴甫洛夫
尿床(Mowrer&Mowrer,1938年)的滅火和發展
的漸進放鬆技巧(雅各布森,1929年),它
被應用到各種各樣的身體和心理條件,包括
高血壓,失眠,恐懼症。
雖然有被預示為許多行為療法
前身為目前的做法(例如沃爾普的系統脫敏
或貝克的認知治療,如下所述),第一行為之一
療法廣泛施用到客戶端被斷言訓練。
由Andrew索特,斷言開發培訓旨在幫助
客戶克服他們的禁忌,這被普遍認為是
對神經症(索爾特,1949)病原學依據。索爾特的工作是很有影響力的,
即使行為療法圈子之外很少承認。他
在開發行為療法的工作是更高度的基礎上
開發的自信訓練課程,包括廣泛使用的
面向客戶的書你的完美右(阿爾貝蒂和埃蒙斯,2008)。斷言
培訓仍然是許多CBT協議的重要組成部分。
像許多的CBT的早期開發者,約瑟夫·沃爾普是一個心理醫生
最初作為一個訓練有素的精神分析學家。沃爾普然後產生了興趣
,想盡辦法行為主義的原則也適用於人類
(玻璃和Arnkoff,1992)。在他的南非祖國工作,
他開始去調理實驗上的貓,然後應用
他的研究結果對人類,發展最早的行為療法之一
稱為系統脫敏法(沃爾普,1958)。這種方法
使用的是什麼叫沃爾普交互抑制,集中在暴露於
通過利用成蟲的圖像,這將隨後的擔心刺激
與放鬆交替影像。該理論認為,放寬
響應將成為再加上地方的目標圖像
恐懼反應,相信不兼容的生理反應下,
將允許新的協會轉移。系統
脫敏被用來治療恐懼症,社交焦慮,全身
當代認知BEHAV IOR療法427
焦慮,口吃,陽痿等疾病。這種方法成為
極具影響力的,設置BT的manualization的舞台
以及傳播使用曝光技術。更近的
證據表明,系統脫敏並未以
所需要的鬆弛部分,從而朝曝光指向
成分作為活性成分。這些研究結果無效沃爾普的
原創理論,但支持曝光的系統應用
(商標,1987)。
正在翻譯中..
結果 (繁體中文) 3:[復制]
復制成功!
426托馬等人。行為從最簡單的習慣一路上升到收購語言(Skinner,1957)。Skinner的操作學習方法仍然是直接適用於這一天在這樣的範式,象徵性的經濟住院組織以及與兒童的行為干預措施,如作為“超時”。運用行為主義原則在臨床的第一批研究者應用程序是瑪麗·瓊斯,Watson的助手在小亞伯特的實驗。她解釋說,如果條件調節可以用來誘導恐懼症,也許它可以用來消除一個恐懼症,以及(鐘斯,1924)。例如,她减少恐懼的一個三歲的男孩誰害怕模糊的白色物體逐漸帶上一隻兔子在一個籠子越來越近的男孩,而他吃,使他最終能够觸摸它。其他早期的臨床應用包括巴甫洛夫滅火尿床(莫勒和莫勒,1938)和發展漸進式放鬆科技(雅各森,1929),其中適用於各種各樣的身體和精神狀況,包括高血壓、失眠和恐懼。雖然有許多行為療法,被譽為當前做法的先驅(如沃爾普的系統脫敏或Beck的認知療法,下麵介紹),第一行為廣泛應用於客戶的療法是斷言訓練。由Andrew Salter,斷言培訓旨在協助客戶克服壓力,後者被廣泛認為是對於神經症的病因學基礎(Salter,1949)。Salter的工作是很有影響力的,即使很少認可的外行為治療圈。伊斯在發展行為治療的工作是更高度的基礎建立自信的培訓計畫,包括廣泛的應用以客戶為導向的書你完美的權利(Alberti &埃蒙斯,2008)。斷言培訓是很多CBT協定的一個關鍵組成部分。像許多CBT的早期開發者,沃爾普是一個心理醫生最初的訓練作為一個精神分析學家。沃爾普便開始感興趣了在尋找人類行為原則的適用管道(玻璃arnkoff,1992)。在他的祖國南非工作,他開始在猫的空調實驗,然後應用他的發現對人類,發展最早的行為療法之一被稱為系統脫敏(沃爾普,1958)。這種方法,使用沃爾普所謂的相互抑制,集中在暴露擔心刺激通過形象的影像,然後將放鬆的意象交替。理論認為,放鬆響應將成為再加上目標影像的地方恐懼反應,在不相容的生理反應的信念下將允許新的關聯的轉移。系統脫敏治療恐懼症、社交焦慮、廣義當代認知行為療法427焦慮、口吃、陽痿和其他疾病。這個方法是極具影響力,設定階段為manualization BT作為以及使用曝光科技的傳播。更近的有證據表明,系統脫敏似乎並沒有出現需要放鬆的組件,從而指向曝光作為活性成分的成分。這些研究結果無效,沃爾普原有的理論,但支持系統的應用(標記,1987)。
正在翻譯中..
 
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