Solutions of the five basic tastes, including sweet (sucrose, 24.00 g/L), sour (citric acid, 1.20 g/L), bitter (caffeine, 0.54 g/L), salty (sodium chloride, 4.00 g/L), and umami (monosodium gluta- mate, 2.00 g/L), were used and the solutions were prepared in accordance with Hoehl, Schoenberger, and Busch-Stockfisch (2010). Each taste stimulus was prepared as an odourless and col- ourless solution (distilled water, ReAgent, Runcorn, Cheshire, UK) as specified by ISO 3972. The participants received 20 ml of each stimulus in a 40 ml transparent cup.