Several of the additives were selec

Several of the additives were selected for more extensive
charge/discharge cycling in the small flow cell (electrode area
8cm2, electrolyte volume 60 cm3). The electrolyte was 1.5M
Pb(CH3SO3)2 + 0.9M CH3SO3H and, in each cycle, the battery was
charged at 20mAcm−2 for 2 h then discharged at the same current
density until the battery voltage dropped to 1.0 V. In the absence
of an additive, the battery can be cycled but the efficiency drops
with cycle number and a black powdery deposit (shown by X-ray
diffraction to be largely lead dioxide) accumulates in the electrolyte
over the first 10 cycles; eventually shorting of the electrodes occurs.
Several of the promising additives, e.g. TritonTM X 100 and sodium
ligninsulfonate,however, contain functional groups that potentially
could be oxidised at the lead dioxide electrode. Indeed, when batteries
with electrolytes containing such additives were cycled, the
electrolyte was observed to change colour and their effectiveness
in controlling the deposit quality decreased with cycling. The long
chain tetraalkylammonium cations appeared to be the preferred additive and later experiment smainly used the hexadecyltrimethylammonium
cation as the additive.

結果 (中文) 3:

几种添加剂进行更广泛的
充电/放电在小流量细胞循环（电极面积
8cm2，电解液的体积60 cm3）。电解液为1.5m
Pb（CH3SO3-）2 0.9m CH3SO3H，每个周期内的电池充电，
20macm−2 2 h后在相同的电流密度
直到电池电压下降到1 V的情况下
添加剂，电池可循环，但效率下降
周期数和一个黑色的粉状沉积物（X射线衍射证实是主要
氧化铅）积聚在电解质
在第一10个周期；最终的电极的短路发生。
几个有前途的添加剂，如tritontm x 100、木质素磺酸钠
，然而，含有的官能团，可能
可以在二氧化铅电极氧化。事实上，当电池
含有该添加剂的电解液的循环，观察到在控制镀层质量下降循环的颜色和效果
变化是
电解质。长
链季铵盐阳离子似乎是优选的添加剂和后来的实验主要采用十六
阳离子添加剂。