In some plant and animal species, i

In some plant and animal species, individuals can be cloned and their genetically identical copies can be tested in multiple environments. Cloning individuals for within family-selection is an especially common practice to develop varieties for deployment in eucalyptus species (Mullin et al., 2011) and many ornamental plants and vegetatively-propagated crops. Cloning allows breeders to capture hybrid vigor and non-additive genetic effects among and within crosses. Cloning individuals and testing in replicated field trials has the advantage of increasing the accuracy of genotypic value predictions compared to individual evaluations (Isik et al., 2004). With cloned progeny we can increase the heritability both by increasing the numerator (including all of the genotypic variance because broad-sense heritability is applicable to gain from
selection) and by decreasing the denominator by averaging clonal means over more observations. If progenies from a mating design are cloned, we can also estimate total genotypic variance in addition to additive variance, providing a means to assess the relative importance of non-additive genetic variance.

結果 (中文) 2:

在某些植物和动物物种，个体可以被克隆和它们的基因相同的拷贝可以在多种环境进行测试。家庭选择在克隆人的是一种特别常见的做法是开发品种的桉树部署（穆林等人，2011年）和许多观赏植物和无性繁殖的作物。克隆允许育种捕捉之间和十字架内杂种优势和非加性遗传效应。在重复的田间试验克隆个体和检测具有增加相比，个别评价基因型值预测的准确性的优点（Isik的等人，2004）。
与克隆的后代，我们可以通过增加分子（包括所有的基因型方差因为广义遗传适用从获得提高的遗传既选择）和由通过在更多的观测平均克隆装置减小的分母。如果从配合设计子代克隆，我们还可以估算除了添加剂方差总基因型方差，提供以评估非加性遗传变异的相对重要性的装置。

結果 (中文) 3:

在一些植物和动物物种中，个体可以被克隆，他们的基因相同的副本可以在多个环境中进行测试。克隆人的家系内选择是开发部署在桉树品种特别常见的做法（穆林et al.，2011）和许多观赏植物和无性繁殖作物。克隆允许育种者捕捉杂交活力和非加性遗传效应内和内杂交。克隆人和复制的现场试验，测试增加了基因型值的预测相比，个人评价准确性的优势（该et al.，2004）。克隆的后代可以增加遗传力都通过增加分子（包括所有的基因型方差，广义遗传力适用于增益选择和减少分母的平均克隆手段更多的意见。如果从配合设计后代的基因，我们也可以估计除了加性方差总基因型方差，评估非加性遗传方差的相对重要性提供手段。