Attempts to teach statistical think

Attempts to teach statistical thinking usingcorrective feedback or a “rule-training” approach havebeen only moderately successful. A new trainingapproach is proposed which relies on the assumptionthat the human mind is naturally equipped to solvemany statistical tasks in which the relevantinformation is presented in terms of absolutefrequencies instead of probabilities. In aninvestigation of this approach, people were trained tosolve tasks involving conjunctive and conditionalprobabilities using a frequency grid to representprobability information. It is suggested that learningby doing, whose importance was largely neglected inprior training studies, has played a major role in thecurrent training. Study 1 showed that training thatcombines external pictorial representations andlearning by doing has a large and lasting effect onhow well people can solve conjunctive probabilitytasks. A ceiling effect prevented comparison of thefrequency grid and a conventional pictorialrepresentation (Venn diagrams) with respect toeffectiveness. However, the grid representation wasfound to be more effective in Study 2, which dealtwith the more difficult topic of conditionalprobabilities. These results suggest methods tooptimize the teaching of statistical thinking and thepresentation of statistical information in themedia.

結果 (中文) 1:

教统计思维usingcorrective的的反馈或“法治培训”的方法只有适度的成功的疑问和尝试。提出依赖于人的心灵，自然是配备solvemany统计任务的的而不是absolutefrequencies概率方面的relevantinformation assumptionthat一个新的trainingapproach的。在这种方法aninvestigation，人接受tosolve的​​涉及结膜和使用频率网格的representprobability信息的conditionalprobabilities的任务。它建议，learningby做，其重要性在很大程度上被忽视的inprior培训研究等方面发挥了重要作用，保鲜剂的培训。研究表明的培训thatcombines外部图案交涉andlearning这样做有一个庞大而持久的影响onhow人可以解决结膜probabilitytasks的。天花板效应阻止比较thefrequency电网和常规pictorialrepresentation（维恩图）尊重toeffectiveness的。然而，在研究2中，dealtwith更加困难的conditionalprobabilities主题是更有效的网格表示wasfound。这些结果表明方法tooptimize的统计信息themedia统计思维和the​​presentation的教学。

結果 (中文) 2:

试图教统计思维usingcorrective反馈或“规训”的方法，只有适度的成功。一个新的trainingapproach提出依赖于假设人的心灵是自然配备解决统计任务的相关信息中的absolutefrequencies代替概率。这种方法的调查，人们训练解决任务涉及的合取和conditionalprobabilities使用频率representprobability信息网格。建议learningby做，其重要性在很大程度上被忽略了inprior训练的研究，是当前培训的主要作用。研究1表明，训练采用外部图画中所做的有一个大的和持久的影响是人们可以解决联合probabilitytasks。天花板效应防止频率网格和传统的pictorialrepresentation比较（Venn Diagrams）就toeffectiveness。不过，网格表示有2研究更有效，它经历了conditionalprobabilities更困难的话题。这些结果表明方法对统计思想和统计信息教学媒体的表述。

結果 (中文) 3:

尝试教统计思维 usingcorrective 反馈或"规则"培训的办法只有适度地成功了。新的 trainingapproach 提议，依赖于人的头脑自然装备到 solvemany 统计任务在其中列出 relevantinformation absolutefrequencies 而不是概率的设想为依据。就这种办法的在人们连接和 conditionalprobabilities 使用频率栅格到 representprobability 信息涉及的受过训练的解决任务。它被建议那 learningby 做，其重要性在很大程度上被忽视的 inprior 培训研究，已在当前训练中发挥了重要作用。研究 1 表明该培训 thatcombines 外部图案申述 andlearning 通过做了一个大和持久的效果的好坏而定井人可以解决结膜 probabilitytasks。天花板效应防止 thefrequency 网格和传统象形 （维恩图） 与尊重 toeffectiveness 的比较。然而，已经找到，网格的代表性平安无事，能更有效地研究 2，其中 dealtwith 的 conditionalprobabilities 更困难的专题。这些结果表明统计思维的教学和参军的 themedia 中的统计信息的方法 tooptimize.